2-Hexanone

Organic Service Branch I
OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center
Salt Lake City, UT 84165-0200

1. General Discussion

1.1 Background

1.1.1 History

2-Hexanone (MBK) was a compound listed in OSHA method 7 Organic Vapors (Ref. 5.1), but only desorption studies had been performed. There is a proposal to lower the PEL of 100 ppm to the TLV level of 5 ppm. The purpose of this study was to obtain data on retention and storage, and to perform desorption studies over the two exposure levels. The retention studies showed good recoveries when 20 liters of humid air (80% RH at 22 °C) was drawn at 0.2 L/min. The storage studies showed lower recoveries for those samples stored at ambient temperature, 23°C, than the samples stored at refrigerated temperature, -10C. Humidity affected the samples; those samples which had 20 liters of humid air (80% RH at 21°C), drawn through them had lower recoveries. The ambient humid air drawn samples had recoveries of 71.4% on day 7 and 45.4% on day 14. The refrigerated humid air drawn samples had recoveries of 80.5% on day 7 and 64.5% on day 14. The dry samples stored at ambient temperature had recoveries of 89.6% on day 7 and 82.5% on day 14. The dry samples stored at refrigerated temperatures had recoveries of 93.3% on day 7 and 91.9% on day 14. These storage studies indicate that MBK samples should be refrigerated as soon as possible after sampling, and should be analyzed within a week of sampling.

1.1.2 Toxic effects (This section is for information only and should not be taken as the basis of OSHA policy.) (Ref. 5.2)

MBK is an irritant to eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Worker exposure to 1000 ppm exhibited moderate irritation to eyes and mucous membranes. In prolonged exposure to lower concentrations MBK can act as a neurotoxin, which may cause permanent nerve damage. Workers exposed to approximately 75 ppm over 9 months showed a decrease of sciatic-tibial nerve conduction. Workers at another site showed a decrease in nerve function after exposure to approximately 50 ppm over 6 months. The intake of alcoholic beverages may enhance the toxic effects of MBK exposures.

1.1.3 Workplace exposure (Ref. 5.2 and 5.3)

MBK is used as a solvent in paints, lacquers, varnishes, nitrocellulose, fats, and waxes.

1.1.4 Physical properties and other descriptive information (Ref. 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4)

Synonyms:	N-Butyl methyl ketone; Methyl butyl ketone; Propyl acetone
CAS number:	591-78-6
IMIS:	1690
RTECS:	MP1400000
DOT:	UN 1224 (flammable liquid)
Molecular weight:	100.16
Flash point:	19°C (67 °F)(cc)
Boiling point:	127°C
Melting point:	-57°C
Odor:	acetone-like, but more pungent
Color:	clear liquid
Autoignition temperature:	423°C (795 °F)
Density:	0.830 (d2020)
Molecular formula:	C6H12O
Structural formula:

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The analyte air concentrations throughout this method are based on the recommended sampling and analytical parameters. Air concentrations listed in ppm are referenced to 25°C and 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg).

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1.2 Limit defining parameters

1.2.1 Detection limit of the overall procedure (DLOP)

The detection limit of the overall procedure is 0.454 µg per sample (0.00554 ppm or 0.227 mg/m³). This is the amount of analyte spiked on the sampler that will give a response that is significantly different from the background response of a sampler blank.

The DLOP is defined as the concentration of analyte that gives a response (Y_DLOP) that is significantly different (three standard deviations (SD_BR)) from the background response
(Y_BR).

Y_DLOP - Y_BR = 3(SD_BR)

The direct measurement of Y_BR and SD_BR in chromatographic methods is typically inconvenient, and difficult because Y_BR is usually extremely low. inconvenient, and difficult because Y_BR is usually extremely low. Estimates of these parameters can be made with data obtained from the analysis of a series of samples whose responses are in the vicinity of the background response. The regression curve obtained for a plot of instrument response versus concentration of analyte will usually be linear. Assuming SD_BR and the precision of data about the curve are similar, the standard error of estimate (SEE) for the regression curve can be substituted for SD_BR in the above equation. The following calculations derive a formula for the DLOP:

Yobs	=	observed response
Yest	=	estimated response from regression curve
n	=	total no. of data points
k	=	2 for a linear regression curve

At point Y_DLOP on the regression curve

YDLOP = A(DLOP) +YBR

A = analytical sensitivity (slope)

therefore

DLOP =

(YDLOP - YBR) A

Substituting 3(SEE) + Y_BR for Y_DLOP gives

DLOP =

3(SEE) A

The DLOP is measured as mass per sample and expressed as equivalent air concentrations, based on the recommended sampling parameters. Ten samplers were spiked with equal descending increments of analyte, such that the highest sampler loading was 8.3 µg/sample. This is the amount, when spiked on a sampler, that would produce a peak approximately 10 times the background response for the sample blank. These spiked samplers, and the sample blank were analyzed with the recommended analytical parameters, and the data obtained used to calculate the required parameters A and SEE) for the calculation of the DLOP. Values of 123.68 and 18.24 were obtained or A and SEE respectively. DLOP was calculated to be 0.454 µg/sample (0.00554 ppm or 0.0227 mg/m³).

Table 1.2.1
Detection Limit of the Overall Procedure

mass per sample	area counts
(µg)	(µV-s)
0	0
0.83	124
1.66	243
2.49	353
3.32	457
4.15	579
4.98	684
5.81	773
6.64	846
7.47	976
8.30	1045

Figure 1.2.1. Plot of data to determine the DLOP/RQL.

1.2.2 Reliable quantitation limit (RQL)

The reliable quantitation limit is 1.51 µg per sample (0.018 ppm). This is the amount of analyte spiked on a sampler that will give a signal that is considered the lower limit for precise quantitative measurements.

The RQL is considered the lower limit for precise quantitative measurements. It is determined from the regression line data obtained for the calculation of the DLOP (Section 1.2.1), providing at least 75% of the analyte is recovered. The RQL is defined as the concentration of analyte that gives a response (Y_RQL) such that

Y_RQL - Y_BR = 10(SD_BR)

therefore

RQL =

10(SEE) A

RQL= 1.51µg per sample (0.018 ppm)

Figure 1.2.2. Plot of data to determine the RQL.

Table 1.2.2
Reliable Quantitation Limit

mass per sample	mass recovered	recovery
(µg)	(µg)	(%)
0.83	0.803	96.7
1.66	1.52	91.6
2.49	2.43	97.6
3.32	3.20	96.4
4.15	3.93	94.7
4.98	4.84	97.2
5.81	5.60	96.4
6.64	6.45	97.1
7.47	7.16	95.9
8.30	8.06	97.1

Figure 1.2.3. Chromatogram of the RQL.

2. Sampling Procedure

2.1 Apparatus

2.1.1 Samples are collected using a personal sampling pump calibrated, with the sampling device attached, to within ±5% of the recommended flow rate.

2.1.2 Samples are collected with tubes 7 cm x 4 mm i.d. x 6 mm o.d. glass sampling tubes packed with two sections of charcoal, lot 120. The front section contains 100 mg and the back section contains 50 mg of charcoal, lot 120. The sections are held in place with glass wool plugs and are separated by a urethane foam plug. For this evaluation, commercially prepared sampling tubes were purchased from SKC Inc., (Eighty Four PA) catalog No. 226-01, Lot 120.

2.2 Technique

2.2.1 Immediately before sampling, break off the ends of the sampling tube. All tubes should be from the same lot.

2.2.2 Attach the sampling tube to the pump with flexible tubing. It is desirable to utilize sampling tube holders which have a protective cover to shield the employee from the sharp, jagged end of the sampling tube. Position the tube so that sampled air passes through the front section of the tube first.

2.2.3 Air being sampled should not pass through any hose or tubing before entering the sampling tube.

2.2.4 Attach the sampler vertically with the front section pointing downward, in the worker's breathing zone, and positioned so it does not impede work performance or safety.

2.2.5 After sampling for the appropriate time, remove the sample and seal the tube with plastic end caps. Wrap each sample end-to-end with a Form OSHA-21 seal.

2.2.6 Submit at least one blank sample with each set of samples. Handle the blank sample in the same manner as the other samples except draw no air through it.

2.2.7 Record sample volumes (in liters of air) for each sample, along with any potential interferences.

2.2.8 Ship any bulk samples separate from the air samples.

2.2.9 Submit the samples to the laboratory for analysis as soon as possible after sampling. If delay is unavoidable, store the samples in a refrigerator.

2.3 Desorption efficiency

2.3.1 The desorption efficiencies of MBK were determined by liquid-spiking the charcoal tubes with the analytes at 0.05 to 2 times the target concentration. The loadings on the tubes were 91.3, 457, 913, 1826, and 3652 µg of MBK. These samples were stored overnight at ambient temperature and then desorbed with 1 mL of 1:99 DMF:CS₂ with 0.25 µL/mL p-cymene internal standard, and analyzed by GC-FID. The average desorption efficiency over the studied range was 96.6%. The solution of 1:99 DMF:CS₂ with 0.25 µL/mL p-cymene internal standard was used to desorb the samples generated for the retention, storage, and detection limit studies in this method.

Table 2.3.1
Desorption Efficiency of MBK

		% Recovered
	0.05 X	0.25 X	0.5 X	1.0 X	2.0 X
Tube #	91.3µg	457µg	913µg	1826µg	3652µg
1	96.7	95.3	96.0	96.7	98.2
2	95.8	96.8	96.6	96.6	97.6
3	96.7	96.2	96.5	97.0	97.2
4	96.8	96.3	96.7	96.0	96.9
5	96.4	96.8	96.7	95.5	96.9
6	96.6	97.7	96.6	96.7	97.2
average	96.5	96.5	96.5	96.4	97.3
overall average	96.7
standard deviation	±0.60

2.3.2 The desorption efficiencies of MBK, using the other desorbing solvent mentioned in OSHA method 7 Organic Vapors, carbon disulfide, were determined by liquid-spiking the charcoal tubes with the analytes at 0.05 to 2 times the target concentration. The loadings on the tubes were 91.3, 457, 913, 1826, and 3652 µg of MBK. These samples were stored overnight at ambient temperature and then desorbed with 1 mL of CS₂ with 0.25 µL/mL p-cymene internal standard, and analyzed by GC-FID. The desorption efficiency over the range studied was non-linear, with lower recoveries at the lower loadings. This desorbing solvent was not used for the rest of this study due to this non-linear desorption efficiency.

Table 2.3.2
Desorption Efficiency of MBK

		% Recovered
	0.05 X	0.25 X	0.5 X	1.0 X	2.0 X
Tube #	91.3µg	457µg	913µg	1826µg	3652µg
1	77.2	82.5	85.8	89.9	91.0
2	74.7	82.0	85.7	88.0	92.3
3	74.2	81.6	85.3	89.7	90.2
4	75.7	82.1	83.4	86.8	91.0
5	75.7	82.0	86.1	87.5	91.2
6	73.8	81.1	84.3	88.0	91.7
average	75.2	81.9	85.1	88.2	91.2

2.4 Retention efficiency

The sampling tubes were spiked with 1826 µg (22.3 ppm) MBK, allowed to equilibrate for 4 hours at room temperature, and then had 20 L humid air (80% RH at 21°C) pulled through them at 0.2 L/min. They were opened, desorbed, and analyzed by GC-FID. The retention efficiency averaged 93.5%. There was no MBK found on the back sections of the tubes.

Table 2.4
Retention Efficiency of MBK

Tube #		% Recovered
	Front section	Back section	Total
1	94.6	0	94.6
2	93.4	0	93.4
3	92.6	0	92.6
4	94.2	0	94.2
5	94.9	0	94.9
6	91.0	0	91.0
		average	93.5

2.5 Sample storage

The front sections of twelve sampling tubes were each spiked with 913 µg (11.1 ppm) of MBK, then six tubes were stored in the refrigerator (-10°C), and six tubes were stored at room temperature 23°C. Twelve more tubes were spiked with 913 µg (22.3 ppm) of MBK, and then had 20 liters of humid air (80% RH at 21°C) drawn through them; afterwards six tubes were stored in the refrigerator (-10°C), and six tubes were stored at room temperature 23°C. Three of each type of samples were analyzed after 7 days and the remaining three samples of each type after 14 days. The amounts recovered indicate that humidity and temperature affect the ability of charcoal to retain intact the MBK. The recoveries decreased with time and/or added humidity, with the lowest recovery on day 14 day storage with humidity.

Table 2.5
Storage Test for MBK

Time	%Recovery	%Recovery	%Recovery	%Recovery
(days)	Humid	Humid	Dry	Dry
	Ambient	Refrigerated	Ambient	Refrigerated
7	67.7	80.5	89.7	95.4
7	70.5	80.6	92.2	90.8
7	75.9	80.2	87.0	93.7
average	71.4	80.5	89.6	93.3
14	45.5	66.4	80.4	92.9
14	46.5	63.0	84.2	91.3
14	44.1	64.0	83.0	91.4
average	45.4	64.5	82.5	91.9

2.6 Recommended air volume and sampling rate.

Based on the data collected in this evaluation, 20 L air samples should be collected at a sampling rate of 0.1 L/min, with a maximum rate of 0.2 L/min.

2.7 Interferences (sampling)

2.7.1 It is not known if any compounds will severely interfere with the collection of MBK on the sampling tubes. In general, the presence of other contaminant vapors in the air will reduce the capacity of the charcoal tube to collect MBK.

2.7.2 Suspected interferences should be reported to the laboratory with submitted samples.

2.8 Safety precautions (sampling)

2.8.1 Attach the sampling equipment to the worker in such a manner that it will not interfere with work performance or safety.

2.8.2 Follow all safety practices that apply to the work area being sampled.

2.8.3 Wear eye protection when breaking the ends of the glass sampling tubes.

3. Analytical Procedure

3.1 Apparatus

3.1.1 The instrument used in this study was a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector, specifically a Hewlett Packard model 5890.

3.1.2 A GC column capable of separating the analyte from any interferences. The column used in this study was a 60 meter capillary column with a 0.5 µ coating of DB-WAX, with an I.D. of 0.32 mm.

3.1.3 An electronic integrator or some suitable method of measuring peak areas.

3.1.4 Two milliliter vials with Teflon^TM-lined caps.

3.1.5 A 10µL syringe or other convenient size for sample injection.

3.1.6 Pipets for dispensing the desorbing solution. A RepipetŪ dispenser was used in this study.

3.1.7 Volumetric flasks - 5 or 10 mL and other convenient sizes for preparing standards.

3.2 Reagents

3.2.1 GC grade nitrogen, hydrogen, and air.

3.2.2 2-Hexanone(MBK), Reagent grade

3.2.3 Carbon disulfide (CS₂), Reagent grade

3.2.4 Dimethyl formamide (DMF), Reagent grade

3.2.5 p-Cymene, Reagent grade (internal standard)

3.2.6 Desorbing solution was 1:99 DMF:CS₂ with 0.25 µL/mL p-cymene internal standard.

3.3 Standard preparation

3.3.1 At least two separate stock standards are prepared by diluting a known quantity of MBK with the desorbing solution of 1:99 DMF:CS₂ with 0.25 µL/mL p-cymene internal standard. The concentration of these stock standards was 1 µL/mL or 830 µg/mL.

3.3.2 A third standard at a higher concentration was prepared to check the linearity of the calibration. For this study, two analytical standards were prepared at a concentration of 1 µL/mL (830 µg/mL), and one at 4 µL/mL (3320 µg/mL) MBK in the desorbing solution.

3.4 Sample preparation

3.4.1 Sample tubes are opened and the front and back section of each tube are placed in separate 2 mL vials.

3.4.2 Each section is desorbed with 1 mL of the desorbing solution of 1:99 DMF:carbon disulfide with 0.25 µL/mL p-cymene internal standard.

3.4.3 The vials are sealed immediately and allowed to desorb for 30 minutes with constant shaking.

3.5 Analysis

3.5.1 Gas chromatograph conditions.

Injection size:	1 µL
Flow rates (mL/min)
Nitrogen (make-up):	30
Hydrogen(carrier):	2
Hydrogen(detector):	40
Air:	420
Temperatures (°C)
Injector:	200
Detector:	220
Column:	50° for 2 min then 10°/min to 160° for 4 min

Figure 3.5.1 Chromatogram of an analytical standard at the target concentration. Peak identification; (1) carbon disulfide, (2) benzene, (3) MBK, (4) p-cymene, (5) DMF.

3.5.2 Peak areas are measured by an integrator or other suitable means.

3.6 Interferences (analytical)

3.6.1 Any compound that produces a response and has a similar retention time as the analyte is a potential interference. If any potential interferences were reported, they should be considered before samples are desorbed. Generally, chromatographic conditions can be altered to separate an interference from the analyte.

Figure 3.6.1 A mass spectra of 2-hexanone (MBK).

3.6.2 When necessary, the identity or purity of an analyte peak may be confirmed by GC-mass spectrometer or by another analytical procedure.

3.7 Calculations

3.7.1 The instrument was calibrated with a standard of 830 µg/mL MBK in the desorbing solution. The linearity of the calibration was checked with a standard of 3320 µg/mL.

3.7.2 If the calibration is non-linear, two or more standard at different concentrations must be analyzed, bracketing the samples, so a calibration curve can be plotted and sample values obtained.

3.7.3 To calculate the concentration of analyte in the air sample the following formulas are used:

(µg/m)(desorption volume) (desorption efficiency)

= mass of analyte in sample

(mass of analyte in sample) molecular weight

= number of moles of analyte

(number of moles of analyte)

(molar volume at 25°C & 760mm)

=

volume the analyte will occupy at 25°C & 760mm

(volume analyte occupies)(106) (air volume)

= ppm

* All units must cancel.

3.7.4 The above equations can be consolidated to the following formula.

(µg/mL)(DV)(24.46)(106)(g)(mg) (20 L)(DE)(MW)(1000 mg)(1000 µg)

= ppm

3.7.5 This calculation is done for each section of the sampling tube and the results added together.

3.8 Safety precautions (analytical)

3.8.1 Avoid skin contact and inhalation of all chemicals.

3.8.2 Wear safety glasses, gloves and a lab coat at all times while in the laboratory areas.

4. Recommendations for Further Study

Collection studies need to be performed from a dynamically generated test atmosphere. Other sampling medias should be explored to find one that will provide better storage stability.

5. References

5.1 Shulsky, M., Method 7 "Organic Vapors", Organic Methods Evaluation Branch, OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center, 1989.

5.2 "Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices", Fifth Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Inc., Cincinnati, OH, 1986, p.378.

5.3 Windholz, M., "The Merck Index", Eleventh Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway N.J., 1989, p. 951.

5.4 Lewis, R., "Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary", Twelfth edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1993, p.760.