(ARL 3560)
OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center Salt Lake City, Utah
Commercial manufacturers and products mentioned in this report are for descriptive use only and do not constitute endorsements by USDOL-OSHA.
The author would like to express appreciation to Robert Douglas for providing analytical support during the validation. This support included preparation of standards, sample spikes, and operation of the ARL 3560. In Addition, the effort that he put forth in evaluating the sample digestion procedure is discussed in Section 8 of this Backup Data Report.
The purpose of this work was to validate a simultaneous Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) - an Applied Research Laboratories (ARL) Model 3560 (Fisons, Sunland, CA) for use in the analysis of industrial hygiene brazing and soldering fume samples. Previously, the OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) had been analyzing solder and brazing fume samples using a Jobin Yvon Model JY 70 ICP (Instruments SA, Edison, NJ) (11.1.).
Exposures during Soldering and Brazing Operations The main concern of this evaluation is to determine whether this instrument is able to detect, correctly identify, accurately and precisely measure exposures near the respective PELs. The general procedure for the analysis of samples by an ARL ICP has been previously described (11.2.) and evaluated (11.3.). This validation examines the analytical response of an ARL spectrometer to eight elements commonly found in soldering and brazing operations. The eight elements (Ag, Be, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn) have been validated using concentration levels of approximately 0.5, 1, and 2 times the Transitional or Final Rule Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) (11.4.) as Time Weighted Averages (TWAs). [Note: After the evaluation, the regulation for exposure to cadmium was changed to 0.005 mg/m3 as a TWA. Please see the Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR 1910.1027 or 29 CFR 1926.63) for further information.] In addition, this method is sensitive enough to determine the Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) and Ceiling concentrations for Be. This procedure does not differentiate between dusts and fumes. Spiked samples were used to evaluate the method. Each spike was calculated to represent the amount of analyte found at a concentration near its respective PEL when taking a 400- to 500-L sample. This air volume range is approximately equivalent to taking 4-h samples when collected at a flow rate of 2 L/min. 1.2. Spectrometer Description The ARL spectrometer includes a 1.0-m pathlength with 1,080 grooves/mm grating and a solid-state radio frequency (RF) generator. Standard operating conditions for this instrument were developed through a series of benchmark tests recommended for most analytical applications. Equipment and operating conditions used during this evaluation are listed in Table 1. This 36-channel instrument was configured for the simultaneous determination of 35 elements, as listed within the line library in Table 2. Two channels are used for Fe; one wavelength (259.94 nm) is appropriate for dilute concentrations, while the other (271.44 nm) is used for quantitating higher concentrations of Fe. The line library contains information for the line array wavelengths and spectral orders as set up by the instrument manufacturer. The resolution at a specific wavelength is dependent upon the grating and spectral-order of the line. Spectral resolution is defined as full width at half maximum (FWHM), i.e., at half the height, the measured width of the peak signal. Using the grating specified in Table 1, the resolution/spectral order relationship is described below:
The SAMI is a spectral scanning device that is further described in Section 3.1. As shown above, a second-order peak has a resolution of 0.023 nm. A ±80 motor step scan of a second-order peak would easily cover a range of 0.046 nm. The analysis of additional elements beyond the eight validated allows for a more complete spectral interference correction and provides for additional screening capability. A list of the elements screened and validated is provided in Table 2 and further displayed as calibration standards in Table 3. 1.3. Standard and Reagent Purity a) Standards: Standards used during this study were prepared in a 32% HCl/4% HNO3 matrix except as noted in the text. Single and multi-element standards were used to evaluate the instrument. Chemical compatibility of the constituents was taken into account in order to avoid precipitation when preparing the multi-element standard solutions. Two multi-element standards and a reagent blank, as listed in Table 3, were used for instrument calibration of the validated elements. The reagent blank consisted of a 32% HCl/4% HNO3 mixture. A third standard solution (STD SOLN 3) is used to calibrate the screened elements.
Note: The concentration and combination of elements in each standard mixture was selected to minimize interferences for the particular instrument and wavelengths used. Analysts using instruments with different wavelengths/elements than stated may have to use alternate mixtures.
All standard solutions used for instrument calibration (Table 3) or spectral interference determinations were prepared by serial dilution. b) Chemicals Used for Validation: Sample Digestions and Dilutions Nitric Acid (HNO3, 69.0 - 71.0% w/w) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl, 36.5 - 38.0% w/w) ("Baker Analyzed" Reagents, J.T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, NJ). Instrument Calibration ICP Standard Solutions (1,000 µg/mL) ("Instra-Analyzed" Atomic Spectral Standards, J.T. Baker Chemical Co.) Filter Spiking Most solutions used for filter spiking were prepared from standards obtained from Inorganic Ventures, Inc. (Brick, NJ). In addition, ICP standard solutions (10,000 µg/mL) from Specpure (Aesar/Johnson Matthey Inc., Seabrook, NH) were used for any high concentration spikes. Inter-element Corrections Inorganic Venture and J.T. Baker standards were primarily used to determine 1.4. Instrument Calibration The polychromator was calibrated according to the manufacturer's procedures. The reagent blank and the multi-element calibration solutions (Table 3) were matched to the sample matrix of 32% HCl/4% HNO3. During the calibration process, linear regression coefficients were calculated by the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) 11/53 computer from standard response readings. All calibrations were determined by first-order regression only. 1.5. Soldering and Brazing Discussion This validation primarily addresses air samples collected during soldering or brazing operations. The eight elements most commonly found in these operations were: Ag, Be, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn. Other elements can be added to this list. The capability for expanding the analysis to other elements is mainly dependent on laboratory instrumentation, element solubility, and stability in the acid matrix used for digestion. Applicable OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) (11.4.) are listed in Table 4. This Table lists both the Transitional and Final Rule PELs for substances which may be present in solder and brazing operations. The Transitional and Final Rule Limits are identical with the exception of a Final Rule Ceiling Limit for Be, a TWA for tin oxide, and additional STELs for zinc chloride and zinc oxide.
According to Kirk-Othmer (11.5.), welding, brazing, and soldering are metal-to-metal bonding processes. The temperature at which the joint is made is the primary feature which differentiates between welding, soldering, or brazing. Solder alloys melt below 800°F (427°C) and brazing alloys melt above 800°F. a) Welding: According to Kirk-Othmer (11.5.), in welding operations, similar components are fusion-bonded at or just below their melting points. The filler metal is either puddled into relatively wide gaps, or the metal surfaces being joined are partially melted and bonded by fusion or by a combination of puddling and fusion. b) Brazing and soldering: In most brazing and in almost all soldering operations, the components are molecularly bonded well below their melting points. An exception is the brazing of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Generally, both soldering and brazing involve the introduction of a non-ferrous filler material. While similar in concept, brazing and soldering are not identical. The temperatures at which the alloys melt provide the primary difference between the two procedures. The major brazing filler metals are copper, brass, bronze, and silver alloys. The filler metals are drawn into closely fitted joints by capillary action and they bond and solidify without melting the components. Zinc and cadmium can volatilize from zinc- and cadmium-containing brazing alloys during brazing. 1.5.2. Specific Components of Solders The composition and use of some common solders is shown in Table 5. A more detailed description of some of the common solder alloys is given below: a) Lead/tin: Previously, most solder alloys were composed of combinations of tin and lead. b) "Lead-free": Recently, "lead-free" solders have become more prevalent. A sample of this type of solder was obtained and a qualitative analysis by ICP and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) procedures at the SLTC confirmed this solder contained an alloy of tin, silver, copper, and bismuth. The "lead-free" solders have been reported as possessing characteristics similar to "50 Tin/50 Lead" solders, and a greater tensile and shear strength than those made with "50 Tin/50 Lead" or "95 Tin/5 Antimony" solders. "Lead-free" solders have been substituted for lead solders in plumbing applications, but have not been noticeably used in the electronics industry. This lack of use in the electronics industry is apparently due to the high temperature needed to achieve the "lead free" solder's melting point. c) Silver: Many silver solders contain cadmium in varying amounts. d) Antimony/tin: These solders are also used as brazing alloys. e) Cadmium/silver: These are used with much higher temperatures and are suitable for use on copper and aluminum. This solder will also produce a very high tensile strength. f) Zinc: Many of the alloyed solders may contain varying amounts of zinc. g) Indium: This is used for special applications, i.e., adhering glass to glass or glass to metal. The low vapor pressure of these solders makes them useful for seals in vacuum systems. h) Other metals: Other trace contaminants present in base and filler metals include arsenic, chromium, bismuth, cobalt, nickel, selenium, thallium, and vanadium. 1.5.3. Solder and Brazing Health Hazards (11.5., 11.6.) Solder's greatest danger to health lies in the presence of lead or cadmium in the solder alloy. Historically, lead was present in large amounts in most solder alloys, and some special alloys contained cadmium. In the past, the four most hazardous metals commonly found during soldering and brazing processes were lead, cadmium, beryllium, and zinc. More recent solder formulations attempt to exclude most of these elements. Some of the potential symptoms and hazards incurred from exposure to these and other elements are listed below (11.6.) and current PELs for validated elements are listed in Table 4. a) Lead: Lead is used in the soldering process in the form of lead/tin and lead/silver filler metals. When heated, lead oxide fumes are formed. Excessive exposure to lead oxide fumes can result in lead poisoning. Symptoms include loss of appetite, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, constipation, headache, abdominal cramps, nervousness, and insomnia. According to Kirk-Othmer (11.5.), lead is absorbed through the mucous membranes of the lung, stomach, or intestines and then enters the bloodstream. b) Cadmium: Cadmium is found in some silver and zinc solders, and in some base metals. When heated, cadmium oxide fumes can be generated. Excessive exposure to these fumes can result in cadmium poisoning, symptoms of which include dry cough, irritation of the throat and nasal passages, ulceration of the nose, tightness of chest, restlessness, and renal damage. Cadmium is a suspected carcinogen and a higher incidence of prostate and lung cancers are noted among workers in occupations that use cadmium in their processes. c) Beryllium: Beryllium is used in magnesium filler metals for furnace brazing and in some aluminum brazing filler metals. While soldering, temperatures are normally too low to generate fumes from beryllium; however, the heat involved in brazing can generate beryllium fumes, which are extremely hazardous. Short-term exposure to these fumes may result in a chemical pneumonia. Long-term effects include shortness of breath, chronic cough, loss of weight, and fatigue. Beryllium is a suspect human carcinogen. d) Zinc: Zinc is used in large amounts in zinc-cadmium and zinc-aluminum solders and in some base metals. When heated, zinc oxide fumes are generated. Excessive exposure to freshly formed zinc oxide fumes can result in an illness called metal-fume fever or "zinc chills." Symptoms include the presence of a sweetish or metallic taste in the mouth, dryness and irritation of the throat, coughing, a feeling of weakness, fatigue, and a general malaise condition similar to the flu. According to Kirk-Othmer (11.5.), zinc or tin chlorides are found in some fluxes. e) Antimony/tin: The potential health hazard is moderate because harmful amounts of antimony or tin fumes are not generally formed. f) Indium: Although human exposures concerning contact with indium or its compounds have not been reported, animal studies indicate significant lung impairment from respiratory exposures. g) Other Metals (11.6.): Other trace metals present in base and filler metals which can give off toxic fumes
include arsenic, chromium, bismuth, cobalt, nickel, selenium, thallium, and vanadium.
It should be noted that a specific PEL has not been assigned to bismuth at this time.
NIOSH has stated that arsenic is a suspected lung and lymphatic carcinogen, and
hexavalent chromium is a suspected lung carcinogen. The amount of fumes generated
from these trace metals is usually small, and hazardous concentrations are not normally
found in these operations. Soldering and brazing with filler or base metals containing
these trace elements should be conducted in 1.5.4. Selection of Solder/Brazing Elements for Method Evaluation The elements to be evaluated for analysis by ICP were selected based upon several factors which included:
For example, due to its limited use in industry, indium is not a validated element in this report. Analysis can be performed for indium by using OSHA method no. ID-121. An alternate ICP procedure (11.2., 11.7.) is available which can determine the elements Be, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn. This alternate procedure is unable to accurately quantitate the elements Ag and Sn due to solubility problems from the H2S04/HCl digestion used. 2. Experimental Procedure An ICP Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is available for the ARL 3560 ICP, which details the instrumental operating procedures used for this evaluation (11.8.). The procedure used for sample preparation has been described in OSHA Method No. ID-206 (11.1.). Each sample taken from soldering and brazing operations is digested with HCl and HNO3 (8:1 ratio), diluted to volume with deionized water (DI H2O) to achieve a 32% HCl/4% HNO3 mixture, and analyzed by ICP-AES. A systematic set of experiments for the purpose of instrument evaluation was used. The experimental protocol included:
Each of these experiments is discussed in Sections 3 through 9 below: 3. Interferences
The determination of Inter-element Correction (IEC) factors to compensate for spectral interferences is
part of the development procedure for any multi-element analytical method which uses an atomic
emission spectrometer. Spectral interferences have been minimized by the careful selection of
wavelengths for the line array of the spectrometer. Spectral interferences have also been compensated
for by software which performs
Inter-element corrections for elements likely to be found in soldering and brazing operations were experimentally determined by identifying and then evaluating the magnitude of each interference on each analytical line. The interferences were first qualitatively identified through peak scans and then a quantitative correction factor was calculated. Inter-element corrections were experimentally determined by identifying and then evaluating the magnitude of the interferences as stated below. The identification of interferences was first determined by scanning peak profiles. Three types of peak scans were conducted:
The evaluated ARL ICP has a mechanical spectral scanning device (this device is called a "SAMI" by the manufacturer) that drives the primary slit using motor steps in order to scan peak profiles over a specific wavelength range. Scans were setup on the SAMI for ±80 motor steps to allow for sufficient resolution of the analyte peak regardless of spectral order. This "window" was sufficient to view any interferences close enough to the analyte peak which may be erroneously identified as the analyte. The scans were performed in 4-step increments and 2-s signal integration time was used at each step. Two sets of scans were analyzed in order to determine spectral interferences.
These scans were used as a screening technique to determine which elements would pose a potential interference for any given spectral line. b) Second spectral interference scan
After visually identifying potential spectral interferences from these peak profiles, the quantitative effects from these interferences were determined by measuring the intensities of each interfering element. Apparent concentrations resulting from these spectral line interferences on other channels were then determined. The IEC factor was determined for each interference using the following equation:
where:
Further details for determining spectral line interferences for the ARL 3560 ICP has been described in reference 11.7. 3.2. Results
The peaks for the eight element line array(s) were scanned using the "SAMI" in order to determine how close they were to theoretical values. It has been suggested by the instrument manufacturer, as a general rule, that each spectral line should be within ±8 motor steps from the profile peak. [Note: For this instrument, Mn and Cd are used as profile elements. Prior to
each analysis, a solution containing the profile element(s) is scanned, the peak
intensity identified, and the slit settings adjusted to give maximum intensity for the
profile element(s). Further details regarding instrument profiling can be found in
references As summarized below, all the lines examined in this particular ICP-AES instrument were within ±2 motor steps.
This indicates that, as a general rule, when the instrument is profiled prior to each analysis, the line peaks of the solder elements are well within specifications. 3.2.2. Spectral Line Interferences The interference relationships on specific wavelengths used for elements expected to be collected in solder/brazing operations are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 is for those elements affecting Pb and Sb. Figure 2 is for those elements affecting Ag, Be, Cd, Cu, Sn, and Zn. A chart summarizing significant spectral line interferences found during this evaluation is shown in Table 6. This Table lists the spectral line corrections in the order of correction (i.e. the interference of Cd on the Co channel is corrected before the interference of Co on the Cd or Pb channel). As can be seen from the first correction in Table 6, an IEC correction value of 0.00021 is necessary to compensate for the affecting element Cd on the Co channel. If Cd is present, 0.00021 µg/mL is subtracted from any Co concentration for each 1 µg/mL of Cd present in the sample. If 10 µg/mL of Cd is present, then a 0.002 µg/mL signal is subtracted from the Co channel. The range of IECs varied from a low of 0.000025 for Co interfering on the Cd channel to a high value of 0.0039 for Be interfering on the Sb line. Because some solder samples may contain Bi, a study was conducted to determine the feasibility of analyzing and correcting for Bi. An interference from Bi on Sb and Pb was noted. The instrument as set up did not contain a channel for Bi. Bismuth is a component of some solders, especially the more recent "lead free" type. To compensate for this, the Se channel at 196.09 nm was modified to allow a scan of the Bi line at 196.006 nm using the SAMI scanning device. This modification to include the semiquantitative determination of Bi and any interferences from Bi on other lines requires additional analysis time because the SAMI offsets from the Se to the Bi wavelength for Bi measurements. 4. Precision and Accuracy This experiment was designed to evaluate instrument performance for determining analytes normally found in a sample matrix from soldering and brazing fume operations.
After the IEC factors were entered into the ARL computer software, the precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated by analyzing spiked samples. The spiking scheme for the multi-element samples was conducted in the following manner: The precision and accuracy for each element was evaluated by analyzing 18 spiked filter samples. Aqueous reference standards described in Section 1.3. were used for each spike. Spike amounts were calculated for levels at about 0.5, 1, and 2 times the OSHA TWA PEL assuming a 480-L air volume. A worst case scenario of air volumes < 400 L was assumed for samples containing about 0.5 times the PEL for silver. Each multi-element spike was delivered to a single mixed-cellulose ester (MCE) filter. The spikes were delivered from stock solutions using calibrated micropipettes. A calculation error occurred regarding the mass of silver during preparation of the first multi-element spikes. Filters spiked with silver at about 0.5 times the PEL were then prepared separately. All spiked sample filters were digested and prepared for analysis using the procedure specified in the method (11.1.). Each sample was diluted to a 25-mL solution volume. Samples separately prepared for silver (approximately 0.5 times the PEL) were diluted to a final volume of 10 mL. This solution volume is recommended in the method (11.1.) to provide increased sensitivity for silver. The instrument was calibrated as stated in Section 1.4. These samples were determined using a two-point calibration consisting of standards listed in Table 3 and a reagent blank. 4.2. Results All sample results were examined in terms of precision (CV) and amount of error. Analytical error (AE) for each element is calculated as:
From the summary in Table 7, it can be seen that the AE ranged from 2.3% for antimony to approximately 17% for silver and lead. The precision range (CV) was from 0.01 for many of the analytes to 0.06 for silver and lead. The bias varied from -0.011 for beryllium to +0.055 for zinc. 5. Detection limit, Background Equivalent Concentration, and Short-Term Precision
The procedure for the determination of detection limits, Background Equivalent Concentration (BEC) and short-term reproducibility for the ARL 3560 ICP has been previously described (11.7.). The detection limits in this evaluation were determined after aspirating multielement calibration standards for a 5-s integration time. An 11 exposure sequence was used for the blanks and 10 exposures for the standards. Multi-element calibration standards (STND SOLNS 1 and 2) shown within Table 3 were used. The manufacturer's software algorithms calculate the qualitative detection limit (DL) as two times the standard deviation. The qualitative detection limit for the ARL instrument is calculated as:
Where:
The BEC is defined as the concentration of an analyte that is equal to the net intensity of the background signal for that analyte:
Where: m = (C)/(I - Io) = slope of the calibration curve
Note: The manufacturer's software algorithms automatically calculate the qualitative detection limit using two times the standard deviation (2SD) of the blank, among other considerations. Although the OSHA Inorganic Method Validation Protocol (11.9.) states a qualitative limit shall be determined with 3SDBL in the calculations 2SDBL is accepted here to allow for future performance comparisons using the same instrument and software.
5.2. Results The results for short-term instrument precision are reported in Table 8 as the Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Background Equivalent Concentration (BEC). At concentration levels equal to or greater than the BEC, short-term precision ranges are normally approximately 0.5% to 1.5% (as CV), provided linearity of the spectral response function is maintained. Short-term precision should be 1% or better for simultaneous systems (11.10.). As can be seen in the last column of Table 8, the CV is < 1% for all lines. The qualitative detection limits varied from 0.001 µg/mL for beryllium to 0.05 µg/mL for lead. The BEC values ranged from 0.02 µg/mL for beryllium to 1.9 µg/mL for lead. Detection limits determined approximately one year after these results were obtained show improved performance for most elements:
Detection limits are very dependent on maintenance and operating conditions, and should be periodically checked to assess instrument performance and the need for maintenance. 6. Working Range The calibration used for routine analysis of solder samples is a first order regression. For the calibrations, the ARL 3560 ICP computer software calculates a linear regression equation for each element from the intensities (counts) of two measurements (a reagent blank and a reference solution usually in the range of 1 to 10 µg/mL). An evaluation to determine the appropriate lower and upper concentration ranges for each validated or screening element was performed using these calibrations.
The linearity was evaluated using a procedure previously described (11.7.). The linearity of the calibration curves was checked by analyzing several standard solutions within the range from 5 to 10 times the calculated detection limit up to 1,000 µg/mL. The upper range was limited either by reaching a detector saturation level or by exceeding the value of the highest standard stock solution used (1,000 µg/mL). 6.2. Results The highest concentration of most of the standards used was 1,000 µg/mL. For a few elements, a 1,000 µg/mL concentration did not saturate the detector nor was the linear range exceeded. Standard solutions exceeding a concentration of 1,000 µg/mL were available for these elements and linearity determinations beyond 1,000 µg/mL were performed. These exceptions were: aluminum, magnesium, lead, bismuth, and antimony. The upper working ranges (µg/mL) and the concentrations at which the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) become saturated for elements at the wavelengths designated in the array are summarized in Table 9. The PMTs should become saturated at a value between the Upper and Saturation concentrations reported in the Range column. In Table 8, column five contains the lower quantitative detection (LQD) limit and column six the upper range of linearity for the brazing and solder elements. For the ARL instrument, the LQD is five times the qualitative detection limit. The quantitative detection limits ranged from 0.005 µg/mL for Be to 0.2 µg/mL for Pb and Sb. The linear range was evaluated using a 5-s integration time. The upper concentration limit for the validated elements ranged from 20 µg/mL for Be to 1,000 µg/mL for Pb and Sb. The optimum working range for most elements exceeded 100 µg/mL. 7. Evaluation of Spiked Quality Control (QC) Samples
Sets of QCs were determined for a final evaluation of the precision and accuracy of the procedure. These QCs were independently prepared on spiked filters. The concentration levels for some of the analytes on these QCs were lower than those in the previous precision and accuracy evaluation. With the exception of beryllium, the concentrations for the prepared spikes were based upon calculations using a 4-h sampling period and an air volume of 480 L. The concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1 times the TWA PELs as follows:
To determine if precision and accuracy could be improved using smaller solution volumes, all samples were diluted to a final solution volume of 10 mL. 7.2. Results The data, as summarized from Table 10, provide the following method performance information: With the exception of Be in one QC set, the AE was less than 25%. The Precision (CV) was better than 0.14 for all samples. With the exception of Cu in the last QC set, the Mean varied within ±10%. For the most part, these results are similar or better than those presented in Section 4, and indicate a 10 mL solution volume can be used as an alternative dilution. It is unknown why one set of beryllium samples was ± 35% AE. Samples to be analyzed for beryllium at Ceiling or STEL levels should be diluted to 10 mL to improve sensitivity. 8. Digestion Procedure Discussion Experiments were previously conducted (11.1., 11.11.) to evaluate the digestion procedure for solders. Following validation of the method, spiked samples of the eight elements were prepared by an independent group within the OSHA SLTC and had been routinely analyzed using the JY-70 ICP. Some of the spiked samples had low antimony recoveries. As shown by the precision and accuracy, and independent QC results within this report, the recoveries for antimony are adequate if the digestion procedure in OSHA method no. ID-206 is followed. The loss of antimony was attributed to incomplete wetting of the filters with HCl before addition of HNO3. 9. Determination of a Standard Reference Material A Standard Reference Material (SRM) of solder from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), containing certified values as reported below, was determined as "blind samples".
(40 Sn-60 Pb)
Three "blind samples" containing the SRM were routinely analyzed by a laboratory chemist. Sample preparation for bulk material was carried out according to OSHA method no. ID-206. Additional details are described below:
9.2. Results Due to the weights of SRM used, the values found for Ag were below both the quantitative and qualitative detection limits. The values for Cu, Sb, and Zn were below the quantitative but above the qualitative detection limits. Therefore, the values for Cu, Sb, and Zn could not be used and merely indicate that these elements were present in the sample matrix. Although Zn was found in the SRM, it was not reported on the accompanying certificate. It is possible that due to the large amounts of Pb and Sn present in the bulk material these elements might possibly give an apparent value for Zn, as the spectral corrections for this method are for low concentrations typically found in workplace atmospheres. Caution must be observed when using this method as a screening tool to identify unknown elements in a bulk matrix. Minor elemental quantities found for elements in bulks must he considered as apparent values only, and may have to be confirmed by other methods such as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. From the results reported below it is evident that if the minor components are to be reported, two sample aliquots will have to be taken; one for the more concentrated aliquot used for quantitating the values for Sb, Cu, and Ni, the other a larger weight for minor components. A suggested scheme for solder bulk materials is to weigh a 10 to 20 mg aliquot; dilute to 250 mL to obtain the major components within the linear working range; and prepare another sample using approximately a 100-mg sample weight and 100-mL sample solution volume. This will enable both major and minor components to be identified, provided both sample results are carefully scrutinized for exceeding upper linear range limits, detection limits, or interferences potentially existing in a variable sample matrix.
10. Determinations using Alternate Wavelengths
An ideal situation for emission spectroscopy would be to have many alternate spectral lines available for analysis of each element to assist in characterizing the sample and minimize error. Unfortunately, there is a finite amount of physical space available for the installation of spectral lines in the array of a simultaneous direct reading emission spectrometer. This limits the number of element channels that may be installed. An alternative to increasing channels for the ARL 3560 ICP is to "create" lines using the SAMI scanning mechanism. The SAMI, as previously described in Section 3.1., is a stepper-motor-controller which allows for mechanical profiling of the slit image and the relative wavelength position. The SAMI is also routinely used for background corrections, moving off and on a fixed wavelength at specified intervals. This ability to move away from the fixed line position allows for examination of other emission lines nearby. These emission lines, referred to as "free SAMI" lines, are limited because they must be in close proximity to element channels previously installed by the instrument manufacturer. 10.2. Procedure Using the scanning ability of the SAMI mechanism, free SAMI lines (optional wavelengths) for the elements Bi, Cd, Be, and As were programmed into the manufacturer's software as described in the table below:
Detection limits and BECs were then determined for these free SAMI lines using the procedure discussed in Section 5. 10.3. Results The following BEC and detection limit (DL) values were calculated after determinations using the concentration of standards specified (Std Concn). Reagent blanks were prepared in DI H2O. The DL was reported as a qualitative detection limit (A=2, as stated in Section 5.1.).
These additional lines may be used as elemental confirmation to avoid the reporting of "false positives" which can occur at concentrations near the detection limit due to matrix effects, uncharacterized spectral, or other interferences. The application of these alternate lines will extend the analytical time taken for each sample, and subsequently affect the amount of sample volume used during sample preparation. Sample solution volumes of 10-mL may be insufficient if numerous additional lines are scanned and more than one sample determination is necessary. Some notes regarding the sensitivity of each line are listed below:
Bismuth:
Cadmium:
Arsenic:
Beryllium:
Summary In conclusion, this evaluation demonstrated that the ARL ICP instrument adequately determined the eight elements commonly found in soldering and brazing fumes within the ranges specified. Compliance with OSHA Transitional or Final Rule PELs for solders can be determined using this instrumental procedure (Note: At the time of this writing the OSHA Final Rule Limits were stayed). Precision and accuracy, detection limits, and linear working ranges were all acceptable for air samples taken near the PELs for the eight elements validated. As previously stated in Section 7.2., sample dilutions using 10 mL solution volumes should result in improved sensitivity for Be. Sensitivity for other elements will also improve when using the 10-mL final solution volume; however, a drawback is the amount of sample available for repeat analysis. Due to the design of the automatic sampler/nebulizer sample introduction system, about 5 to 6 mL of sample is needed for each analysis. A drawback to this method is the acid digestion and dilution media; the acid matrix used (32% HCl/4% HNO3) is very corrosive, and care must be exercised when handling solutions. As discussed in a previous work (11.1., 11.11.), care must be taken during the digestion to prevent the loss of Sb or Sn. Special attention must be taken regarding the order of addition of the digestion acids. After adding the HCl, it is recommended to wait 5 min before adding HNO3. This analytical method should be applicable with minor modifications to any ICP containing analytical lines for the eight elements evaluated. Further work needs to be conducted to evaluate the ability of this ICP for analyzing Cd at the new PEL of 0.005 mg/m3.
Addendum During this and a previous evaluation, the existence of a few "bugs" were noted in the software provided
by ARL. Although this software (and computer hardware) is no longer available, current users should be
made aware of the problems. One problem occurs during repeated calibration of the instrument. During
each calibration, an For other elements, the concentration would be "reset" to the original concentration for the next calibration. Most of the elements which had an interference present in the same calibration solution were not affected.
11. References 11.1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: ICP Analysis of Metal/Metalloid Particulates from Solder Operations by D.C. Cook (USDOL/OSHA-SLTC Method No. ID-206). In OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1991. 11.2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Metal and Metalloid Particulates in Workplace Atmospheres (ICP Analysis) by J. Septon (USDOL/OSHA Method No. ID-125G). In OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1991. 11.3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Metal and Metalloid Particulates in Workplace Atmospheres (ICP Analysis) (Backup Data Report) by J. Septon (USDOL/OSHA Method No. ID-125G). In OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1991.
11.4. "Air Contaminants; Final Rule": Federal Register 54:12 (19 Jan. 1989). pp. 11.5. Solders & Brazing Alloys. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed., Vol. 21, edited by H.F. Mark, D.F. Othmer, C.G. Overberger, and G.T. Seaborg. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1983. 11.6. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Health and Safety Aspects of Soldering and Brazing [DHEW(NIOSH) Pub. No. 78-197]. Cincinnati, OH: Division of Technical Services, September, 1978. 11.7. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Welding Fumes ICP Backup Data Report (ARL 3560) by J. Septon. Salt Lake City, UT, 1991. 11.8. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: ICP Analysis Reference Guide, OSHA Lab (Comprehensive Version) by J. Septon. Salt Lake City, UT, 1991 (unpublished). 11.9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Evaluation Guidelines of the Inorganic Methods Branch In OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1991.
11.10. Arellano, S.D., M.W. Routh, and P.D. Dalager: Criteria for evaluation of 11.11. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Recovery of Antimony and Other Elements Using the Digestion Procedure for Solders by R. Douglas and D.C. Cook. Salt Lake City, UT, 1991. (unpublished) Specifications for ARL 3560 Simultaneous AES-ICP
Line Library for OSHA ARL 3560 Simultaneous AES-ICP
Calibration Standards
STD SOLN 1 - was prepared in an amber-colored glass bottle to protect the Ag from photo-decomposition.
Calibration is accomplished using a two-point calibration curve with the concentration for each element listed above. A reagent blank was used as the low standard. Each element calibrated is contained in one of three separate calibration standards (STD SOLN). For example, STD SOLN 1 contains Ag, Be, Cd, and Pb. All solutions were prepared in a 32% HCl/4% HNO3 acid mixture including the reagent blank. Air Contaminants - OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits1
Common Solder Alloys*
Interferences
This table is organized in the following manner:
The first two columns list two elements. The first element is the channel that is affected by the second element (the affecting element). The Precision and Accuracy
Detection Limits, BEC, Ranges, and Short-Term Precision
Upper Range and Saturation Concentrations
Quality Control Samples
![]() Figure 1: Interactions of Pb and Sb ![]() Figure 2: Interactions of Ag, Be, Cd, Cu, Sn, Bi and Zn
|